Journal of Food and Agricultural Technology Research
The "Journal of Food and Agricultural Technology Research" is a scholarly publication focused on advancing knowledge in food science and agricultural technology. It covers various topics including food processing, preservation, quality control, agricultural technology, and sustainable practices. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and technical notes contributed by experts and researchers from around the world. Its primary aim is to disseminate cutting-edge research findings and promote innovation in food and agricultural technology. By addressing contemporary challenges such as food security, nutrition, and environmental sustainability, the journal is a valuable resource for professionals, academics, and policymakers in the food and agriculture sectors.
Cadmium and lead retention efficiency in the leaves of ten local tree species in Faisalabad
Pollution has major negative impact on human health. The discharge of gaseous volatile organic and inorganic contaminants from industries, factories, motor cars, aero planes, and ships causes a persistent decline in air quality, accomplished with outbreak of several disease and even mortality. This study estimated the concentration of Cd and Pd concentration in leaves in district Faisalabad which is the 3rd largest city of Pakistan and industrial zone. In the industrial city of Faisalabad, excessive traffic on the highways and industrial trash are seriously polluting the environment. Study revealed clear spatial and species-specific variations in Pb and Cd accumulation, with urban sites showing the highest concentrations, followed by suburban and rural areas, due to intense anthropogenic activities. Among species, Syzygium cumini and Alstonia scholaris demonstrated the greatest potential for Pb and Cd accumulation. The observed differences strongly reflect the influence of site-specific pollution load and leaf morphological traits on particulate retention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Food and Agricultural Technology Research
Analyzing Bilateral Trade in Major Crops Between Pakistan and China: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
The dynamics of bilateral crop trade between Pakistan and China are investigated for regions such as Rawalpindi and Islamabad in this research. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was engaged, which incorporated quantitative data collection methods and qualitative approaches. Questionnaires with structured questions were distributed among 120 agricultural traders to collect quantitative data. Focus group interviews were conducted to gather qualitatively relevant information about barriers and opportunities in trade. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used in the analysis of the quantitative data, which shows that trade volume increased by 15% in the last five years, while wheat, rice, and cotton are the crops most traded. Qualitative findings highlighted key challenges such as logistical inefficiencies and tariff barriers and opportunities for the expansion of trade through improved infrastructure and policy reforms. The results highlight the growth potential of Pakistan-China agricultural trade and provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. This study contributes to the discourse on bilateral agricultural cooperation and offers recommendations for strengthening the economic partnership between the two countries. Practical application: Assists in formulating policies to enhance agricultural trade. Provides actionable insights for improving farm infrastructure. Identifies market opportunities for Pakistani crops in China.
Climate-Smart Agriculture for Water Conservation and Improving Cotton Productivity: Evidence from Bahawalpur, Pakistan
The vast use of conventional farming practices remains one of the major reasons for low crop production in underdeveloped countries, like Pakistan. Crop yield and water saving can be increased through adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSPSs) like, laser land level, raised bed planting and tensiometer based irrigation system. To investigate the potential of CSAPs, a field study was conducted at Basti Jameel Abad, District Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan during cotton growing season of 2024. The trial is comprised of four treatments, viz., T1 (conventional farming practices), T2 (laser land level), T3 (laser land level + raised bed planting) and T4 (laser land level + raised bed planting + tensiometer based irrigation). Cotton variety “IUB-18” was sown. Raised bed planting with tensiometer based irrigation system (T4) yields highest crop yield (1677.3 kg/ha) and water saving (42.72%) as compared to conventional farming practices. The T4 treatment also gives the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.79 as compared to the 1.48 BCR of conventional farming practices (T1). In terms of cotton production and water saving, raised bed planting with tensiometer based irrigation system outdid every other treatment. Therefore, considering these findings, cotton growers should use raised bed planting with a tensiometer based irrigation system to obtain high yield, efficient water use and sustainable cotton production.
Modelling the crop water and irrigation requirements using CROPWAT model: a case study in arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan
Water is a key factor in global food security, which is critical to agriculture. Dwindling water resources and increasing food demands require greater efficiency in water use, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Regulated deficit irrigation provides a means of reducing water consumption while minimizing adverse effects on yield. Models can play a useful role in developing practical recommendations for optimizing crop production under water-scarce conditions. Therefore, the current study was conducted to estimate crop water requirements (CWRs), net irrigation requirements (NIRs), and effective rainfall (Peff) for wheat crop in arid (Bahawalpur) and semi-arid regions (Faisalabad) of Pakistan. Precipitation and temperature data predictions are derived from four pre-validated Coupled Model of the Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) of Global Climate Models (GCMs), namely i) MIROC5, ii) IPSL-CM5A_MR, iii) NorESM1-M and iv) CCSM4. Model data, including the geo-coordinates of the area, temperatures, relative humidity, solar radiation/sunshine hours, crop evapotranspiration and soil data, have been used as input to CROPWAT for simulation of CWR, NIR and Peff in a historical period (1986-2005) and four consecutive future time series (2020-2039, 2040-2059, 2060-2079 and 2080-2099). The results showed that during the wheat growing season, CWR and NIR continued to increase. By the end of the 21st century, the CWR in semi-arid and arid areas of representative concentrated pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) increased by 3.01-6.86% and 2.46-5.64%, respectively. By 2099, under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5, the NIR in semi-arid and arid areas will increase by 5.49-10% and 2.41-5.86%, respectively. In the semi-arid and arid areas, the average seasonal Peff will be reduced by 9.79% (RCP 4.5), 10.07% (RCP 8.5), 2.81% (RCP 4.5), and 3.16% (RCP 8.5), respectively. Therefore, semi-arid areas will be more affected than arid areas, and changes in climatic conditions will threaten the agricultural system by reducing Peff.
Global climate models (GCMs), Net irrigation requirements
Nutritional Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review on Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern characterized by lingering hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic β-cell function. The effective prevention and management strategies emphasize nutritional interventions. This review examines evidence-based dietary approaches, including low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, plant-based, and calorie-restricted diets, highlighting their impact on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health. Additionally, the role of personalized nutrition tailoring diets based on genetic, metabolic, and gut microbiota profiles is explored. Functional foods and bioactive compounds are also discussed for their potential in modulating glucose metabolism. Future directions emphasize integrating precision nutrition with lifestyle modifications to develop sustainable strategies for diabetes prevention and management, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals with or at risk of diabetes.
REASONS FOR SLOW ADOPTION OF MECHANICAL TRANSPLANTING OF RICE IN PUNJAB
The study was conducted in two districts of Punjab, namely Sheikhupura and Okara, representing core and non-core rice sowing areas, to find out the reasons for the slow adoption of Mechanical Transplanters. A total of 84 farmers, 64 farmers (equivalent to 76.19%) from Sheikhupura district, and 20 farmers (equivalent to 23.80%) from Okara, were interviewed. The interviewed farmers were small (16.67%), medium (21.43%) and large (61.90%) farmers respectively. Amongst the interviewed farmers, 78.75% were adopters, whereas the remaining 21.42% were non-adopters. Amongst the adopters, 72.7% were large farmers having an average area of more than 25 acres, followed by small (18.2%) and medium farmers (9.1%). Amongst adopters, 54.5% were owner cum tenants followed by owners (39.4%) and remaining 6.1% as tenants meaning that Mechanical Transplanting is he technology for large farmers whether they are owners or owner cum tenants. Almost 88% of the MTR adopters had their tractors, whereas 94% had their tube wells as a source of irrigation, meaning resourceful farmers were adopting this technology. There is a significant difference in 1000 grain weight of different varieties falling in the category of fine, coarse and hybrid varieties but in field no distinction is being kept by the service providers as they are using on an average 10kg seed (100 trays per acre/100 gm seed per tray) for all varieties. Five most common reasons of slow adoption of mechanical transplanters by rice growers are i) lack of expertise on the part of machine operators (95.2%) ii) high mortality rate of seedlings (92.9%) iii) high seed rate in mechanical transplanting (85.7%) iv) non-availability of mechanical transplanters in the area (85.7%) v) Mechanical transplanting is not suitable for small holder farming. Almost 61% of the adopters reported increased yields with Mechanical Transplanting as compared to manual transplanting of rice.
Physicochemical Properties and Organoleptic Assessment of Goat Milk Cheese
Goat milk cheese is highly valued for its nutritional profile, offering high protein, vitamins, minerals, and superior digestibility compared to cow milk cheese. This study examines the effects of varying boiling temperatures on the physicochemical and sensory properties of goat milk cheese over a 28-day storage period. Initial pH levels varied across treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) and declined steadily from 6.34 (day 1) to 5.66 (day 28), indicating acidification. Total solids increased from 41.67% to 42.95%, reflecting compositional changes during storage. Acidity levels ranged from 0.66% to 0.81%, highlighting the dynamic nature of cheese acidity. Color parameters shifted, with L* values (lightness) decreasing from 41.38 to 35.36, indicating darkening, while a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values increased, signifying enhanced redness and yellowness. Protein content declined from 12.58% to 11.07%, and fat content decreased from 13.28% to 12.19%. Ash content showed slight fluctuations, increasing overall from 3.25% to 3.86%. Sensory evaluations revealed changes in aroma, taste, and flavor, leading to a gradual decline in overall acceptability over time. This study highlights the critical impact of temperature and storage conditions on goat milk cheese quality. While certain attributes fluctuated during storage, others showed consistent trends, underscoring the dynamic nature of cheese properties. These findings offer valuable insights for cheese manufacturers to optimize production processes and cater to consumer preferences in the evolving dairy market.
Genetic Variability in High Yielding Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Lines
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is considered the most valuable crop because of its high consumption in both developed and developing countries. Due to climatic and agronomic factors, there has been a gradual decrease in tomato production and quality in the world including Pakistan. In this research, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of MNS-UAM. Thirty tomato genotypes were sown under Randomize Complete Block Design with three replications and five plants per replication. The genotypes were planted in nursery trays in October 2023 and after one month, tomato seedlings were transferred to the field. The data were recorded for germination percentage (%), plant height(cm), stem pubescence, number of branches per plant, days to flowering(days), days to fruiting(days), fruit length(cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight(g), number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant. The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance, correlation, and biplot analysis. There was a significant difference among all genotypes regarding all traits. Correlation analysis showed positive and negative associations among genotypes. The biplot analysis showed that LY06, LY48, CW04, CW06, and Naqeeb have the highest yield related to all other genotypes and are selected as high-yielding genotypes.
Exploration and Genome-wide Profiling of the Arabinogalactan Protein Gene Family Across the Chickpea Genome (Cicer arietinum)
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is agriculturally vital due to its nutrition and economic value. Grasping its growth mechanisms is key to better yields. Chimeric Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs), glycoproteins in plant cells' matrix, have a protein core wrapped in carbohydrates. These distinct AGPs are crucial for plant physiology, affecting cellular processes like division, differentiation, and expansion, and aiding pollen tube growth. Beyond their core role, AGPs have biotech and agriculture potential, improving yields and stress resistance by affecting cellular functions. Understanding AGPs' plant role could revolutionize productivity and sustainability amid changing environments. Using bioinformatics tools, we successfully identified 69 chickpea genes, encompassing 27 CaXYLP, 19 CaFLA, and 23 CaELA genes. Each gene exhibited distinct conserved domains characteristic of its respective gene family. To ensure naming consistency, we re-designated the CaXYLP, CaFLA, and CaELA genes based on their genuine orthologs in rice and Arabidopsis. Interestingly, most of these genes shared common cis-regulatory elements, responding to factors such as abscisic acid, auxin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, drought, and light. Our gene duplication analysis uncovered that all identified paralogous genes originated from segmental duplications (SD). Conversely, Phytocyanin-like AGPs exhibited maximum expression during seed, embryo, and various flower development stages. Lastly, Fasciclin-like AGPs reached their zenith expression in seeds and root hairs. These analyses collectively emphasize the pivotal role of chimeric AGPs in augmenting crop productivity and bolstering stress resilience, while also revealing novel regulatory mechanisms in plant growth and development.
Unraveling the Nexus of Chemokine (c-c motif) Ligand 5 and Chemokine (c-c motif) Ligand 2 Genetic Variants of Myocardial Infarction in Population of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
(CVDs). Chemokine-mediated peripheral leukocyte recruitment is critical in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. It has been shown that CC chemokines ligand 2 and ligand 5 (CCL2 and CCL5) are becoming more prevalent inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerotic myocardial Infarction (MI). The aim was to examine the potential link among the risk and polymorphisms of CCL2 -927 G>C (rs3760396) and CCL5 -403 G>A (rs2107538) and of (MI). In 2024, 139 Southern Punjab population participated in this case-control study, comprising 100 (MI) patients and 39 healthy controls. Using the Tetra-ARMS PCR technique, the CCL2 -927 G>C and CCL5 -403 G>A polymorphisms were genotyped. Though numerous chemokines are promising target in the patients with (MI), clinical implementation of chemokine therapeutics is hindered by the effects of both damage and repair. Results indicated that both CCL2 G>C and CCL5 G>A polymorphisms were significantly linked with the danger of (MI) (P<0.05) under different race, age group, smoking habits and hypertension.
Advances in the Encapsulation and Delivery of Food Functional Factors: Micro- and Nano-Delivery Carrier Platforms in Bio-manufacturing
The encapsulation and delivery of food functional factors represent a transformative and groundbreaking innovation in food science, enabling the protection, stabilization, and controlled release of sensitive bioactive compounds. This review comprehensively explores advanced micro- and nano-delivery carrier platforms, including Pickering emulsions, micro-emulsions, microcapsules, and nanoparticles, which offer enhanced stability, improve bioavailability, and highly targeted delivery of nutrients and other bioactive substances. By addressing significant challenges such as the instability, degradation and low bioavailability of bioactive compounds, as well as the need for efficient, scalable, and versatile carrier designs, these technologies integrate seamlessly with sustainable bio-manufacturing processes. Applications in functional foods dietary supplements and nutraceutical demonstrate their vast potential to enhance consumer health outcomes and streamline food production systems with greater efficiency. Future research efforts must prioritize scaling these innovative technologies, ensuring regulatory compliance, and developing highly adaptable, multifunctional delivery systems to meet the rapidly growing demand for functional food and wellness solutions.
A Novel Concept Study on key factors affecting student performance using Machine Learning Algorithms.
This study examines the correlation between critical aspects, including study hours, sleep hours, attendance rate, dietary habits, and extracurricular contribution, and their impact on assessment performance through various machine learning algorithms. Five models were examined to forecast student performance: Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost. Data was generated for over 300 students, with each feature exerting a direct or indirect impact on the assessment performance. Each model has been developed on a training dataset and tested on a distinct test set to measure performance. The evaluation employed two principal metrics: Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and R-squared (R²). The XGBoost model exhibited optimal performance, evidenced by the lowest RMSE and maximum R², signifying its capacity to explain intricate relationships within the data. The Random Forest and Decision Tree models demonstrated favourable outcomes, with the Random Forest exhibiting greater resilience to overfitting compared to the Decision Tree. The SVM model, while successful, exhibited reduced efficiency owing to the non-linear correlations present in the data. Although interpretable, the Linear Regression model exhibited fewer errors than the alternative models. The study also examined learning curves, feature significance, and residual analysis to understand the model's strengths and limitations better. Scatterplots and histograms were employed to evaluate model performance and discern important features. The results indicate that XGBoost is a very efficient tool for performance forecasting, particularly in educational datasets characterised by numerous factors. This study evaluates machine learning models and illustrates how real-world variables influencing student performance can potentially be efficiently analysed using complex algorithms, offering useful insights for educational stakeholders seeking to enhance student outcomes.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF Alternaria citri CAUSING BLACK ROT OF CITRUS IN PAKISTAN
Citrus is a valuable fruit crop consumed mainly as fresh fruit or juice, known for its nutritional and health benefits due to its content of phytochemicals, ascorbic acid, limonoids, carotenoids, vitamin B complex, and related nutrients. However, citrus production suffers significant losses due to various diseases, with Alternaria citri causing severe damage through brown leaf spot, which deteriorates the fruit's quality. An experiment was conducted to develop a management strategy against Alternaria citri. Samples were collected from the field and analyzed in the lab. Pathogen isolation was done using the poisoned food technique, and different vitamins and plant extracts were assessed for their effectiveness against pathogen growth. Cloves showed the most significant inhibition of fungal growth, followed by mint, cinnamon, neem, and ginger. In a field experiment, thiamine treatment resulted in the lowest disease incidence, followed by pyridoxine and niacin. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed were recorded during the growth period. The data showed that relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed were positively correlated with disease incidence, while rainfall had a negative correlation. The experiment was conducted under Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and statistical analysis confirmed the efficacy of vitamins and plant extracts against Alternaria citri.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Food and Agricultural Technology Research
Impact of ginger and aleo vera on total phenolic content and quality parameters of noncarbonated drink during storage
This research aimed to investigate the impact of storage period on total phenolic content (TPC), ascorbic acid and nutritional values of functional noncarbonated drink. Drink was prepared with the utilization of herbal plants (ginger, aleo vera) with different concentration and stored at 4°C and 25°C for 90 days. Findings of current study showed presence of aleo vera significantly preserved TPC and lead to increase in all beverage treatments on both storage condition, however X4 possessed the highest values of 3.7 and 3.65 mg GAE/g at 4°C and 25°C respectively. The storage period also increases total sugar contents and acidity. Comparing all treatments significant increment found in X4 with high aleo vera concentration. Total sugar and acidity were 5.677 % and 0.456% in X4 respectively. Ascorbic acid content tends to decline from 22.22 % to 17.64 % with 15 days of interval at room temperature with the passage of storage time. Current research will provide the platform of herbal ingredients role in beverages profile and impact on health disorders.
AMMI, BLUP, and WAASB Stability Models for the Selection of Stable Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes in Different Agroecological Regions of Pakistan
The genotype×environment interaction effect is challenging in identifying stable genotypes across multiple environments. Present study was performed to check stability and adaptability of 16 chickpea genotypes in 10 different agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. Further, the importance of stability models such as additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis, best linear unbiased prediction, and Weighted average of absolute scores from singular value decomposition of BLUPs was assessed to identify stable genotypes. AMMI ANOVA showed that main effects of genotype, environment along with GEI were significant and first two principal components explained about 64.2% of GEI variance. LMM-BLUP found that 98.8% phenotypic variance was due to GEI variance. G1 with low PC1 score in AMMI biplot analysis was identified as the most stable and high yielding genotype. Cross-validation carried out for AMMI9 and BLUP found BLUP as the most accurate model for present data. Graphical display using BLUP based predicted grain yield ranked genotypes regarding stability and adaptability. However, Y× WAAS graphs were more useful as they categorized genotypes and environments into clear cut groups based on their productivity and stability. We concluded that AMMI, BLUP, and WAASB methods could be used to select stable and well adapted genotypes.
Multi Environment Testing, genotype-environment interaction, AMMI, BLUP, WAASB
Enhancing Beetroot Jam with Stevia: Antioxidant Properties and Quality Assessment during storage
Beta vulgaris L., generally known as beetroot, is a nutrient-rich vegetable with medicinal characteristics, making it an excellent prospect for value-added products such as jam. This study aimed to develop a low-calorie beetroot jam utilizing natural sweetener i.e., stevia to enhance its appeal as a health and dietary conscious. Over the course of 21 days, the jam's physico-chemical qualities (moisture, ash, pH, acidity, and total soluble solids), microbial analysis (total plate count), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and total phenolic content), and organoleptic qualities (color, taste, aroma, appearance, flavor, and overall acceptability) were assessed. The jam was kept in pre-sterilized glass jars. Results showed a remarkable reduction in moisture content (32.06% to 29.46%), ash content (0.89% to 0.83%), and pH (3.39 to 3.30), while total soluble solids and acidity increased from 66.85°B to 67.46°B and 0.75 to 0.83 respectively during storage. In addition, there was a notable improvement in DPPH (84.87% to 88.28%). Total phenolic content also increased (34.60 mg GAE/g to 38.90 mg GAE/g), with increasing concentration of stevia. Statistics verified that, physicochemical and sensorial properties of the low-calorie beetroot jam were considerably affected by keeping intervals (p<0.05). This study emphasizes beetroot's potential for developing low-calorie value-added products like jam.
Beetroot, Stevia, Low-calorie jam, DPPH, total phenolic content
Study on Quality Attributes of Mint Extract in Combination with Animal and Vegetable Fat in Ice-Cream
Mint ice cream is a sweet frozen food made with milk and cream and has a pleasant mint flavor. The mixture of ice cream comprises milk, fat, milk solids, not fat (MSNF), mint extract, sugar, and stabilizers. The present study was designed to prepare nutritionally active ice cream with mint extract. The main focus of this research is the comparative studies of animal and vegetable fat separately and at 50:50 respectively in ice cream. Mint extract concentration remained at a constant level of 7.5%. The physiochemical analysis, textural analysis, and sensory aspects were improved and satisfied. For all combinations, physiochemical analysis including fat, total solid contents, and pH resulted in statistically non-significant. Protein and moisture contents were resulted as statistically highly significant. Textural analysis including overrun and meltdown time for all combinations also resulted in significant. The non-significant effect was found on sensory attributes including flavor, color, texture, taste, and overall acceptability. The combination of animal fat with mint extract was observed to better fat, protein, and overall acceptability. Results from all the combination studies exhibited that the combination of animal fat is effective in improving the structural, textural, physicochemical, and sensory properties of ice cream.
Ice cream, Mint Extract, Flavor, Animal and Vegetable Fat
Comparative Efficacy of Insecticides Against Bemacia Tabaci and Thrips Tabaci on Cotton Crop
Cotton is known as ‘‘The King of Fibers’’ and the natural fiber of the world. This current research was carried out to check the toxicity of endosulfan and imidacloprid against sucking insects like thrips and whitefly. The research was performed in district Sheikhupura in 2023. For thrips and white fly, the data were recorded before 24 hours of spray, and then data were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours and after that with a two-week duration until October. 25 plants were selected and from every plant 1 leaf from lower, middle and upper leaves were chosen, at different heights. In August spraying was performed when the economic threshold level (ETL) was reached. Results exhibited that the best toxicity was recorded in imidacloprid compared to endosulfan against whitefly and thrip population control. Hence, it was concluded that whitefly and thrips caused a huge amount of crop loss in cotton so, managed it timely by spraying the insecticides with suitable time intervals for better yield of cotton.
Cotton, Whitefly, Thrips, Yield and Populations
Safety Evaluation of Ziziphus Mauritiana Extract for its Utilization in Bread from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan
Considering health risk potential of various chemical additives in food, a study was conducted to evaluate the safety assessment potential of Z. mauritiana extract to be used in the bread manufacturing process. Mature and fresh leaves were subjected to drying at 60oC for ethanol extraction. Various dosages of extract were provided to experimental rats for safety assessment. Blood samples were evaluated based on different parameters; liver working tests, kidney function tests, lipid profile, cardiac enzymes and serum proteins. Results explicated the non-remarkable influence of concentration on different characteristics of blood. ALT concentrations express the non-momentous and variable influence of concentrate. The plant is recommended for sustainable utilization and consumption in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Ziziphus mauritiana, Safety Evaluation, Liver, Kidney functions, Food
Wheat Yield Under Climate Change: Effect of Temperature and Wind Speed on the Crop Life Cycle and Productivity Estimated by DSSAT-Icsim Model
Changing climatic conditions are the leading cause affecting the yield of grain crops, particularly in arid areas. In this study, we investigated the response of wheat yield under changing climatic variables using the DSSAT-ICSim model. The effect of different temperatures and wind speeds on obtained yield and the wheat life cycle in the arid region of Chakwal was also estimated. In this study, we used ECMWF dataset from 1979 to 2005 along with different variables such as 2 m temperature, total precipitation, solar radiation, and u-v winds. Our findings revealed that climatic factors, such as temperature and wind speed, negatively affected wheat phenology and yield in arid regions. This indicates that arid regions are more prone to extreme temperatures and changing wind speeds. Moreover, high-temperature ranges and increasing wind intensity in arid areas contributed negatively to overall wheat performance. In conclusion, arid areas are more susceptible to extreme temperatures and high wind speeds in the future. Thus, measures should be taken to produce wheat cultivars with high tolerance to temperature extremes and wind intensity.
Wheat; Yield; Models; DSSAT-ICSim model; Arid region
Enhanced Wheat Yield: Fulvic Acid Application's Impact on Yield Factors under Heat Stress
Terminal thermal stress, occurring under various climatic conditions, significantly reduces wheat yield by disrupting fertilization and grain filling processes. Biostimulants offer a potential solution to mitigate the impact of terminal heat stress on wheat crops. This research aims to alleviate the effect of heat stress on wheat through the application of fulvic acid. The wheat crop was subjected to elevated temperature stress during the booting and grain initiation stages under field conditions, with heat stress at staggered intervals in the main plot. Fulvic acid was applied at different concentrations (water spray, 1.25 mg L-1, 2.50 mg L-1, and 3.75 mg L-1) in field and heat stress conditions upon booting (H1) and grain initiation (H2) stage. Results revealed that heat stress H1 and H2 stages significantly decreased the spike length (22.59% & 21.45%), spikelets per spike (14.35% & 6.66%), grains per spike (27.9% & 20.23%), grain weight per spike (40.24% & 32.54%), test weight (17.84% and 15.69%), biological (41.19% & 32.61%) and straw yield (31.20% & 19.16%), and harvest index (9.8% & 8.31%) as compared to control (H0). The impact was more pronounced during the booting stage compared to the grain filling stage. Application of fulvic acid at concentrations of 3.75 mg L-1 during heat stress at the booting stage and 2.50 mg L-1 upon heat stress at grain initiating stages substantially enhanced the recorded parameters compared to the foliar application of water and 1.25 mg L-1 fulvic acid. These findings revealed that foliar application of fulvic acid promotes thermotolerance in wheat, positively influencing yield and yield-contributing factors during heat stress.
Wheat, Fulvic Acid, Yield components, Triticum aestivum
Improving the Biochemical and Physiological Wheat Processes by Foliar Application of Fulvic Acid Under Natural and Heat Stress Conditions
Terminal heat stress under varying climatic conditions induces a significant reduction in yield by impacting the fertilization and grain filling. The use of biostimulants would be useful to boost terminal heat stress in the wheat crop. The research attempts to modulate the effect of heat stress on wheat by foliar application of fulvic acid. The wheat crop was exposed to high-temperature stress (3-5°C higher than ambient temperature) during booting and grain initiation under field conditions by staggering heat stress in the main plot. Various amounts of fulvic acid, i.e. water spray, 1,25, 2,50 and 3,75 mg L-1, were added under natural and heat stress conditions at booting and grain initiation stages of wheat crop. Heat stress during booting and grain filling phases significantly reduced chlorophyll a activity up to 32.58% and 25.44%, Chl b activity up to 31.48% and 20.37%, grain filling duration up to 42.43% and 20.81% and grain yield up to 45.47% and 36.79% but improved antioxidants viz Superoxide dismutase activity up to 31.74% and 22.29%, Total soluble protein activity up to 6.63% and 11.77%, Catalase activity up to 114.73% and 55.03%, Peroxidase activity up to 63.61% and 39.39%. The impact at the booting stage was more pronounced than at the grain-filling stage. Application of fulvic acid @ 3.75 mg L-1 and 2.50 mg L-1 during heat stress during booting and grain filling processes greatly increased chlorophyll, antioxidants, and grain yield relative to water spray and 1.25 mg L-1 fulvic acid. The results suggest that foliar application of fulvic acid during heat stress induces thermotolerance in wheat positively impacting the physiology and biochemical processes.
Biostimulants, Growth, Thermotolerance, Triticum aestivum, Yield
Exploring the Potential of Carrot Pomace in Oat Cakes; Physiochemical and Sensory Evaluation
Carrot pomace, a rich source of vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals, is often underutilized due to its high moisture content. Oat, a cereal grain, is high in protein, fiber, and minerals, it offers health benefits like hypocholesterolemia and anti-cancerous properties. Carrot pomace is a popular ingredient in various foods, including cakes and oat-based food products are popular due to their nutritional value. This paper focuses on the development of oat-carrot pomace (OCP) cakes, which are gluten-free products. The study investigates the proximate (including ash and moisture), polyphenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant values (DPPH). The treatment plan involves varying amounts of pomace powder in combination with oats flour to create different cake formulations. The moisture test results reveal that the moisture content of the samples ranged from 15.8% to 22.7%, this moisture may affect their stability and quality. Comparing these results with industry guidelines, it is evident that the moisture content exceeds the permissible limit for similar materials. It emphasizes the need for proper handling and storage conditions to minimize moisture absorption. The ash test results demonstrate that the ash content of the samples ranged from 5.33% to 5.82%, indicating minimal inorganic impurities, which is favorable for their potential applications. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) values showed that with the increase in concentration of carrot pomace from 5 to 15%, the TPC value increased in the range of (423.24-528.70 md/100g GAE). The DPPH test results indicate the antioxidant activity value of the samples decreased with the increasing concentration of carrot pomace and the values ranged from 18.34 to 15.11). Conclusively, Carrot pomace can be added to oat cakes to improve the end product's nutritional profile and sensory qualities, which will support the food industry's commitment to sustainability.
Carrot pomace, Oat cakes, Gluten-free, Underutilized, Sensory attributes, Nutritional profile, Sustainability.
Examining the Concentration of Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Trends, Implications, and Solutions
The concentration of agricultural land refers to expanding the area of agricultural land to structure production through the following methods: exchange, lease of land use rights, or cooperation as land use rights. In recent years, Vietnam has made many efforts to implement the concentration of agricultural land, and it continues to be emphasized in Resolution No 19-NQ/TW (2022). Almost all current studies have described the current status, but they have not comprehensively evaluated and updated the advantages, difficulties, and causes of implementing agricultural land accumulation in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the achievements, difficulties, and obstacles, and thereby propose solutions to promote the concentration of agricultural land by some methods namely: empirical study, data analysis, and expert investigation. The concentration of agricultural land is thought to be a useful way to reduce land fragmentation, advance large-scale concentrated agriculture, and enhance land use efficiency in Vietnam, however, it is facing difficulties and obstacles such as capital shortage, limitations of policy and law, and outdated infrastructure. To encourage the concentration of agricultural land, it is required to simultaneously execute solutions as follows: complete policies, and laws to encourage households, individuals, businesses, and cooperatives to concentrate agricultural land; plan out and carry out focused production zones and specialized farming areas; Ensure capital sources to implement the concentration of agricultural land; ensure sufficient human resources to carry out the concentration of agricultural land; complete rural infrastructure.
Agricultural Land, Concentration, Obstacle, Solution, Vietnam
Leveraging Nature's Arsenal, Biopesticidal Warriors: Randomising Melon Fruit Fly (Bacrocera Cucurbitae) In Bitter Gourd Culture, For Sustainable Control
Bitter gourd cultivation in agriculture is seriously threatened by the melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), which can result in considerable financial losses and environmental issues. The adverse effects of chemical pesticides, such as environmental pollution, harm to non-target organisms, and the development of insecticide resistance, have long been significant drawbacks of conventional pest management approaches. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in exploring alternative, sustainable methods of pest control in recent years. This article focuses on using biopestidal warriors as a practical and environmentally benign method of controlling B. cucurbitae in the cultivation of bitter gourds. We investigated several biopestal agents, including as botanical extracts and microbial biocontrol agents, to minimize the B. cucurbitae infestations. The results show that treatment with Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts dramatically reduced fruit fly infection levels to 13.62% and 15.88%, respectively, compared to a 70.32% infestation rate in control plots. These findings highlight the potential of botanical extracts as efficient biopesticides in sustainable agriculture methods. We also stress the significance of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques, which combine a variety of biopesticides with cultural norms to control B. cucurbitae in an efficient and long-lasting manner. To mitigate melon fruit fly damage in the cultivation of bitter gourds while promoting environmental sustainability, this study emphasizes the necessity for more research and development of biopesticidal warriors.
Microbial extracts, Botanical extracts, Biopesticides, Momordica charantia, Bitter gourd, Sustainable agriculture
Serial Dilution of Bifenthrin against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Curculionidae; Coleoptera)
The red palm weevil is a very destructive pest that poses a significant threat to palm weevil trees worldwide larvae of the weevil make holes up to 1 meter in plants and the host is killed which causes a great reduction in economy every year. If control is delayed the possibility to destroy of whole orchard of dates by weevil. Nowadays many chemicals are used to control the red palm weevil which is less effective and ecologically not good long residual effect excessive of chemical affect the quality and quantity of dates. We use the serial dilution of bifenthrin to control the red palm weevil. In this case, the concentration of bifenthrin is high to low which is ecologically friendly, and less residual effect of the concentration affects the mortality of red palm weevil. The serial was applied to date palm weevil and the mortality rate was recorded after a specific period the laboratory demography of bifenthrin killed 80 % population of weevil. The purpose of the study is to control the date palm weevil by an efficient method and this research paper aims to investigate the result of serial dilution of bifenthrin to control the date palm weevil with less residual effect. Our research recommends that the field use the serial dilution of bifenthrin to control the weevil with friendly ecology and provide the strength to bifenthrin to kill the date palm weevil with less residual effect.
Palm Weevil, Bifenthrin, Demography, Population and Friendly Ecology
In Vitro Efficacy Evaluation of Agrochemical Fungicides in the Mitigation of Colletotrichum Capsici Infection
Chili, (Capsicum annuum) a highly sought-after spice, holds the third position in global popularity following tomatoes and potatoes. It is a member of the Solanaceae family and boasts extensive cultivation worldwide. However, the cultivation of chili faces formidable challenges, primarily stemming from diseases that afflict this crop. Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections constitute significant threats, leading to substantial reductions in crop yield. Notable among these are pre-harvest fungal diseases, such as anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot, charcoal rot, choanephora blight (wet rot), and viral conditions like leaf curl and mosaic virus. Anthracnose, triggered by Colletotrichum capsici, is particularly devastating, accounting for approximately 50% of chili crop losses. It manifests as sunken necrotic tissues with distinctive concentric rings of acervuli, often appearing moist. These symptoms render chili fruits less marketable, thereby diminishing overall profitability for farmers. Anthracnose further impairs seed germination and plant vigor as it can spread through seeds and the atmosphere. To combat this detrimental disease, several fungicides, including Carbendazim, Antracole, Aliette, Acrobet, and Dithane M 45, have undergone evaluation. Among these, Carbendazim has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum capsici colonies. In summary, successful chili cultivation necessitates meticulous management and robust disease control measures. Farmers must remain vigilant in identifying and addressing the array of diseases that pose a threat to this vital vegetable crop. This abstract underscores the issues faced, outlines the methodology employed, and presents findings crucial for the chili cultivation industry.
Chili, Carbendazim, Control measures, Vegetable
Perception of Peri-Urban Vegetable Growers on the Use of Sewage Water for Irrigation Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
We found the perception of vegetable growers regarding the usage of sewerage water to meet irrigation applications. The study was quantitative in nature. It was conducted in peri-urban areas of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 360 vegetable growers (180 registered vegetable growers and 180 non-registered vegetable growers) were interviewed. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Two parts were created from the results that were received. The demographic characteristics were listed in the first section. The respondents' perceptions of how sewage water is used and its negative impacts are covered in the second section. The age, education, land size, and sources of income of vegetable growers were determined using descriptive statistical analysis. To achieve the study's goal, the respondents were ranked based on mean value and score. According to the results, only 14.4% of registered growers and 17.2% of non-registered growers, respectively, were between the ages of 61 and 70. Compared to non-registered gardeners, registered vegetable growers have better knowledge. The study concluded with recommendations for furthering training needs assessments of vegetable growers and convincing them to disregard the idea that sewage water usage is appropriate for irrigation.
Sewerage water, Training needs assessment, Descriptive Statistics
Beyond Lethality: Exploring Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Insect Behavior and Their Ecological Ramifications: A Review Analysis
Pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture to increase their yield, which has sparked worries about how they may affect insect biodiversity and ecosystem services. To thoroughly evaluate the impacts of pesticides on insect populations and the broader implications for ecosystem functioning, this review article reviews the body of available literature. The review emphasizes the effects of pesticides on insect biodiversity, both directly and indirectly, including alterations in population dynamics, genetic diversity, and species composition. It also looks at how beneficial insects like pollinators, predators, and parasitoids are affected, as well as how important those insects are for pollination and pest control in the natural world. The review also covers the trophic cascades, changes in community makeup, and disturbances in ecosystem processes that result from pesticide use. In addition, the evolution of pesticide resistance in insects is highlighted, highlighting the difficulties in developing pest management solutions. The need for policy and regulation to ensure sustainable pest control practices is also emphasized, along with alternative and mitigation techniques including integrated pest management and eco-friendly alternatives. This review, which synthesizes current knowledge, sheds light on the intricate relationships between pesticides, insect biodiversity, and ecosystem services and emphasizes the need for balanced strategies that limit damage to beneficial insects while preserving agricultural productivity and the environment.
Biodiversity, Pollinators, Ecosystem services, Predators, Parasitoids
Climatic Variability's Influence on Cereal Harvests in Punjab, Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis and Mitigation Strategies
Climate change is a global phenomenon characterized by significant shifts in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climatic features. It poses a severe threat to various economic sectors worldwide, with agriculture being particularly vulnerable due to its heavy reliance on climate conditions. Pakistan, as an agricultural-driven economy, is profoundly impacted by the dramatic shifts in its climate, leading to substantial disruptions in agricultural production and exacerbating the issue of food insecurity. Cereal crops, including wheat, rice, and maize, play a pivotal role in providing sustenance to the global population and hold particular importance in Pakistan as a staple of the diet. However, the production of these essential cereal crops in Pakistan has been adversely affected by both the profound changes in climate conditions and a range of other contributing factors. The primary objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the influences of climatic and non-climatic factors on cereal crop production in the Punjab region of Pakistan. The variables under scrutiny included the labor force, fertilizer application, temperature variations, precipitation levels, and humidity levels. To achieve this aim, we employed secondary data spanning from 1990 to 2019, sourced from various reliable outlets such as the Pakistan Economic Survey, Punjab Development Statistics, Pakistan Agricultural Statistics, and the Pakistan Meteorological Department. To assess both short-term and long-term effects, we utilized the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the interplay between climatic and non-climatic factors and their impact on cereal crop production.
Climate change, Climate variability, ARDL, Climatic and non-climatic factors, Pakistan