Nutritional Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review on Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global public health 
challenge characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and progressive 
β-cell dysfunction. Nutritional therapy plays a central role in both the prevention and management 
of T2DM. Objectives: This review synthesizes evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies 
on the effectiveness of various dietary approaches in improving glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, 
and metabolic health in individuals with or at risk of T2DM. Key Findings: Low-carbohydrate diets 
demonstrate superior short-term reductions in HbA1c compared to low-fat diets, while 
Mediterranean diets are consistently associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes and 
moderate glycemic benefits. Plant based diets show promise in enhancing insulin sensitivity and 
weight management, particularly when rich in whole grains and legumes. Calorie-restricted diets 
are effective in promoting weight loss and glycemic control, although adherence varies. The review 
also highlights the potential of personalized nutrition, interventions based on genetic makeup, 
metabolic status, and gut Microbiome composition to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Functional 
foods containing bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, peptides, and omega-3 fatty acids have 
shown favorable effects on glucose metabolism in preclinical and clinical settings. However, 
challenges remain in personalization and long-term adherence to these strategies, especially in 
diverse populations and real-world settings. Conclusion: Dietary interventions, particularly when 
personalized and integrated with lifestyle changes, offer promising avenues for sustainable 
management and prevention of T2DM. Future research should address the long-term efficacy and 
feasibility of such approaches, considering individual variability and adherence barriers.